策略培训是一种多学科的康复方法，它教导技能减少中风后认知障碍者的残疾。与传统的康复方法相比，在随机，对照临床试验中已显示策略培训是促进独立性的更可行和有效的干预措施。标准化的保真度评估用于通过检查康复视频记录中的指导和定向口头提示来衡量治疗原则的依从性。尽管用于检测指导和定向的口头提示的忠诚度评估对于单一站点研究是有效的，但在大型多站点务实的务实试验中，它可能会变成劳动力密集，耗时且昂贵。为了应对广泛的战略培训实施的这一挑战，我们利用自然语言处理（NLP）技术来自动化策略培训保真度评估，即自动从康复会议的视频记录中自动识别有指导和指导的口头提示。我们开发了一种基于规则的NLP算法，一个长期术语存储器（LSTM）模型以及该任务的变压器（BERT）模型的双向编码器表示。 BERT模型以0.8075的F1得分实现了最佳性能。这项研究的发现在心理学和康复干预研究和实践方面具有广泛的希望。

我们介绍了第一个机器学习引力波搜索模拟数据挑战（MLGWSC-1）的结果。在这一挑战中，参与的小组必须从二进制黑洞合并中识别出复杂性和持续时间逐渐嵌入在逐渐更现实的噪声中的引力波信号。 4个提供的数据集中的决赛包含O3A观察的真实噪声，并发出了20秒的持续时间，其中包含进动效应和高阶模式。我们介绍了在提交前从参与者未知的1个月的测试数据中得出的6个输入算法的平均灵敏度距离和运行时。其中4个是机器学习算法。我们发现，最好的基于机器学习的算法能够以每月1个的错误警报率（FAR）的速度（FAR）实现基于匹配过滤的生产分析的敏感距离的95％。相反，对于真实的噪音，领先的机器学习搜索获得了70％。为了更高的范围，敏感距离缩小的差异缩小到某些数据集上选择机器学习提交的范围$ \ geq 200 $以优于传统搜索算法的程度。我们的结果表明，当前的机器学习搜索算法可能已经在有限的参数区域中对某些生产设置有用。为了改善最新的技术，机器学习算法需要降低他们能够检测信号并将其有效性扩展到参数空间区域的虚假警报率，在这些区域中，建模的搜索在计算上很昂贵。根据我们的发现，我们汇编了我们认为，将机器学习搜索提升到重力波信号检测中的宝贵工具，我们认为这是最重要的研究领域。

这项研究研究了在美国国税局（IRS）为税收审计选择的系统中，算法公平性问题。尽管算法公平的领域主要围绕着像个人一样对待的概念发展，但我们却探索了垂直平等的概念 - 适当地考虑到个人之间的相关差异 - 这在许多公共政策环境中都是公平性的核心组成部分。应用于美国个人所得税体系的设计，垂直权益与不同收入水平的纳税人之间的税收和执法负担的公平分配有关。通过与财政部和国税局的独特合作，我们使用匿名个人纳税人微型数据，风险选择的审计以及2010 - 14年度的随机审计来研究税务管理的垂直平等。特别是，我们评估了现代机器学习方法选择审核的使用如何影响垂直权益。首先，我们展示了更灵活的机器学习（分类）方法（而不是简单的模型）如何将审计负担从高收入纳税人转移到中等收入纳税人。其次，我们表明，尽管现有的算法公平技术可以减轻跨收入的某些差异，但它们可能会造成巨大的绩效成本。第三，我们表明，是否将低报告的风险视为分类或回归问题的选择是高度的。从分类转变为回归模型，以预测不足的审计转变会大大向高收入个人转移，同时增加收入。最后，我们探讨了差异审计成本在塑造审计分配中的作用。我们表明，对回报的狭窄关注会破坏垂直权益。我们的结果对整个公共部门的算法工具的设计具有影响。

尽管电子健康记录是生物医学研究的丰富数据来源，但这些系统并未在医疗环境中统一地实施，并且由于医疗保健碎片化和孤立的电子健康记录之间缺乏互操作性，可能缺少大量数据。考虑到缺少数据的案例的删除可能会在随后的分析中引起严重的偏见，因此，一些作者更喜欢采用多重插补策略来恢复缺失的信息。不幸的是，尽管几项文献作品已经通过使用现在可以自由研究的任何不同的多个归档算法记录了有希望的结果，但尚无共识，MI算法效果最好。除了选择MI策略之外，归纳算法及其应用程序设置的选择也至关重要且具有挑战性。在本文中，受鲁宾和范布伦的开创性作品的启发，我们提出了一个方法学框架，可以应用于评估和比较多种多个插补技术，旨在选择用于计算临床研究工作中最有效的推断。我们的框架已被应用于验证和扩展较大的队列，这是我们在先前的文献研究中提出的结果，我们在其中评估了关键患者的描述符和Covid-19的影响在2型糖尿病患者中的影响，其数据为2型糖尿病，其数据为2型糖尿病由国家共同队列合作飞地提供。

神经网络的可解释性及其潜在的理论行为仍然是一个开放的学习领域，即使在实际应用的巨大成功之后，特别是在深度学习的出现。在这项工作中，提出了NN2Poly：一种理论方法，允许获得提供已经训练的深神经网络的替代表示的多项式。这扩展了ARXIV中提出的先前想法：2102.03865，其仅限于单个隐藏层神经网络，以便在回归和分类任务中使用任意深度前馈神经网络。本文的目的是通过在每层的激活函数上使用泰勒膨胀来实现，然后使用若干组合性质，允许识别所需多项式的系数。讨论了实现本理论方法时的主要计算限制，并介绍了NN2POLY工作所必需的神经网络权重的约束的示例。最后，呈现了一些模拟，得出结论，使用NN2Poly可以获得给定神经网络的表示，并且在所获得的预测之间具有低误差。

生成语言模型均受到各种普通域的语料库的培训。但是，这将其适用于较窄的域，并且前后工作表明，持续的域培训可以提供进一步的收益。在本文中，我们使用计算有效的适配器方法介绍一种向许多不同域扩展到许多不同域的方法。我们的方法基于观察，即文本域部分重叠，并且我们将域表示为分层树结构，其中树中的每个节点与一组适配器权重相关联。当与冻擦级语言模型结合时，该方法使相关域之间的参数共享，同时避免不相关之间的负干扰。它是D域的o（log（d））的有效和计算成本缩放。使用GPT-2的实验结果和C4中的100个最具代表网站的大部分显示在域中的域内改进。我们还提供了一个用于保持域的推理时间算法，并显示通过树的多个路径的平均实现泛化的进一步增益，同时仅增加边际成本推断。

Logic Mill is a scalable and openly accessible software system that identifies semantically similar documents within either one domain-specific corpus or multi-domain corpora. It uses advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to generate numerical representations of documents. Currently it leverages a large pre-trained language model to generate these document representations. The system focuses on scientific publications and patent documents and contains more than 200 million documents. It is easily accessible via a simple Application Programming Interface (API) or via a web interface. Moreover, it is continuously being updated and can be extended to text corpora from other domains. We see this system as a general-purpose tool for future research applications in the social sciences and other domains.

This paper proposes a novel observer-based controller for Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) designed to directly receive measurements from a Vision-Aided Inertial Navigation System (VA-INS) and produce the required thrust and rotational torque inputs. The VA-INS is composed of a vision unit (monocular or stereo camera) and a typical low-cost 6-axis Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) equipped with an accelerometer and a gyroscope. A major benefit of this approach is its applicability for environments where the Global Positioning System (GPS) is inaccessible. The proposed VTOL-UAV observer utilizes IMU and feature measurements to accurately estimate attitude (orientation), gyroscope bias, position, and linear velocity. Ability to use VA-INS measurements directly makes the proposed observer design more computationally efficient as it obviates the need for attitude and position reconstruction. Once the motion components are estimated, the observer-based controller is used to control the VTOL-UAV attitude, angular velocity, position, and linear velocity guiding the vehicle along the desired trajectory in six degrees of freedom (6 DoF). The closed-loop estimation and the control errors of the observer-based controller are proven to be exponentially stable starting from almost any initial condition. To achieve global and unique VTOL-UAV representation in 6 DoF, the proposed approach is posed on the Lie Group and the design in unit-quaternion is presented. Although the proposed approach is described in a continuous form, the discrete version is provided and tested. Keywords: Vision-aided inertial navigation system, unmanned aerial vehicle, vertical take-off and landing, stochastic, noise, Robotics, control systems, air mobility, observer-based controller algorithm, landmark measurement, exponential stability.

Recent advances in upper limb prostheses have led to significant improvements in the number of movements provided by the robotic limb. However, the method for controlling multiple degrees of freedom via user-generated signals remains challenging. To address this issue, various machine learning controllers have been developed to better predict movement intent. As these controllers become more intelligent and take on more autonomy in the system, the traditional approach of representing the human-machine interface as a human controlling a tool becomes limiting. One possible approach to improve the understanding of these interfaces is to model them as collaborative, multi-agent systems through the lens of joint action. The field of joint action has been commonly applied to two human partners who are trying to work jointly together to achieve a task, such as singing or moving a table together, by effecting coordinated change in their shared environment. In this work, we compare different prosthesis controllers (proportional electromyography with sequential switching, pattern recognition, and adaptive switching) in terms of how they present the hallmarks of joint action. The results of the comparison lead to a new perspective for understanding how existing myoelectric systems relate to each other, along with recommendations for how to improve these systems by increasing the collaborative communication between each partner.

A "heart attack" or myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when an artery supplying blood to the heart is abruptly occluded. The "gold standard" method for imaging MI is Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), with intravenously administered gadolinium-based contrast (late gadolinium enhancement). However, no "gold standard" fully automated method for the quantification of MI exists. In this work, we propose an end-to-end fully automatic system (MyI-Net) for the detection and quantification of MI in MRI images. This has the potential to reduce the uncertainty due to the technical variability across labs and inherent problems of the data and labels. Our system consists of four processing stages designed to maintain the flow of information across scales. First, features from raw MRI images are generated using feature extractors built on ResNet and MoblieNet architectures. This is followed by the Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) to produce spatial information at different scales to preserve more image context. High-level features from ASPP and initial low-level features are concatenated at the third stage and then passed to the fourth stage where spatial information is recovered via up-sampling to produce final image segmentation output into: i) background, ii) heart muscle, iii) blood and iv) scar areas. New models were compared with state-of-art models and manual quantification. Our models showed favorable performance in global segmentation and scar tissue detection relative to state-of-the-art work, including a four-fold better performance in matching scar pixels to contours produced by clinicians.